Methods and arrays for target analyte detection and determination of target analyte concentration in solution

ABSTRACT

Arrays of single molecules and methods of producing an array of single molecules are described. Arrays with defined volumes between 10 attoliters and 50 picoliters enable single molecule detection and quantitation.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/870,596, filed Apr. 25, 2013, by Walt et al. which is incorporated herein by reference. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/870,596, filed Apr. 25, 2013, is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/707,385, filed Feb. 16, 2007, and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,460,879 on Jun. 11, 2013, by Walt et. al., which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/775,692, filed Feb. 21, 2006, by Rissin et al., and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/792,736, filed Apr. 17, 2006, by Rissin et al., each of which is incorporated herein by reference. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/870,596, filed Apr. 25, 2013, is also a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/707,383, filed Feb. 16, 2007, and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,460,878 on Jun. 11, 2013, by Walt et. al., which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/775,692, filed Feb. 21, 2006, by Rissin et al., and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/792,736, filed Apr. 17, 2006, by Rissin et al., each of which is incorporated herein by reference. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/870,596, filed Apr. 25, 2013, is also a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/707,384, filed Feb. 16, 2007, and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,492,098 on Jul. 23, 2013, by Walt et. al., which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/775,692, filed Feb. 21, 2006, by Rissin et al., and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/792,736, filed Apr. 17, 2006, by Rissin et al., each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

GOVERNMENT RIGHTS

The United States government may have certain rights in this invention pursuant to Contract No. N00014-01-1 awarded by the Department of Defense, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Office of Naval Research.

BACKGROUND

Methods that implement high-sensitivity and low-level analyte detection in conjunction with rapid and reproducible experimental protocols are the cornerstone of modern analytical measurements. Currently, most known techniques for quantifying low levels of target analyte in a sample matrix use amplification procedures to increase the number of reporter molecules and thereby provide a measurable signal. These known processes include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for amplifying the signal in antibody-based assays, as well as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for amplifying target DNA strands in DNA-based assays. A more sensitive but indirect protein target amplification technique, called immuno-PCR (see Sano, T.; Smith, C. L.; Cantor, C. R. Science 1992, 258, 120-122), makes use of oligonucleotide markers, which can subsequently be amplified using PCR and detected using a DNA assay (see Nam, J. M.; Thaxton, C. S.; Mirkin, C. A. Science 2003, 301, 1884-1886; Niemeyer, C. M.; Adler, M.; Pignataro, B.; Lenhert, S.; Gao, S.; Chi, L. F.; Fuchs, H.; Blohm, D. Nucleic Acids Research 1999, 27, 4553-4561; and Zhou, H.; Fisher, R. J.; Papas, T. S. Nucleic Acids Research 1993, 21, 6038-6039). While the immuno-PCR method permits ultra low-level protein detection, it is a complex assay procedure, and can be prone to false-positive signal generation (see Niemeyer, C. M.; Adler, M.; Wacker, R. Trends in Biotechnology 2005, 23, 208-216).

One disadvantage of these known methods is their reliance on separate steps to amplify reporter molecules to provide a measurable signal, thereby requiring additional amplification steps and thus additional time, equipment, and materials.

In addition, known methods for accurately quantifying the concentration of a particular analyte in solution are all based on ensemble responses in which many analyte molecules give rise to the measured signal.

Therefore, there is a need in the art for an improved method and system of target analyte detection.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to one embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of detecting a target analyte in a sample. The method includes providing an array comprising a plurality of sites, each site comprising a capture component, and contacting the array with the sample such that each site in a subset of the plurality of sites contains a single target analyte. Each target analyte comprises an enzymatic component. The method further includes contacting the array with an enzymatic substrate and detecting a change in an optical property at each of the sites as an indication of the presence of the target analyte.

The present invention, in another embodiment, relates to a method of detecting target analytes in a sample. The method includes providing an array comprising a plurality of sites, and contacting the array with the sample such that each site in a first subset of the plurality of sites contains a single first target analyte and each site in a second subset of the plurality of sites contains a single second target analyte. In this embodiment, each site comprises a capture component and each of the first and second target analytes comprises an enzymatic component. The method further includes contacting the array with a first enzymatic substrate and detecting any change in an optical property as a result of the first enzymatic substrate at each of the sites as an indication of the presence of one of the first or second target analytes. In addition, the method includes washing the array and contacting the array with a second enzymatic substrate. Further, the method includes detecting any change in an optical property as a result of the second enzymatic substrate at each of the sites as an indication of the presence of one of the first or second target analytes.

In accordance with another embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of detecting a target analyte in a sample. The method includes providing an array comprising a plurality of sites and contacting the array with the sample such that each site in a subset of the plurality of sites contains a single target analyte. In this method, each site comprises a capture component. The method also includes contacting each of the single target analytes with a binding ligand comprising an enzymatic component and further contacting the array with an enzymatic substrate. In addition, the method includes detecting a change in an optical property at each of the sites as an indication of the presence of the target analyte.

The present invention, according to a further embodiment, is a method of quantifying an amount of a target analyte in a sample. The method includes providing an array comprising a plurality of sites, each site comprising a capture component and contacting the array with the sample such that each site in a subset of the plurality of sites contains a single target analyte. In this embodiment, each target analyte comprises an enzymatic component. The method also includes contacting the array with an enzymatic substrate, detecting a change in an optical property at each of the sites as an indication of the presence of the target analyte, and calculating an amount of the target analyte in the sample.

While multiple embodiments are disclosed, still other embodiments of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, which shows and describes illustrative embodiments of the invention. As will be realized, the invention is capable of modifications in various obvious aspects, all without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not restrictive.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1a, 1b, 1c, and 1d are side view cross-section schematics representing etched bundle modifications, according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 2a, 2b, and 2c are side view cross-section schematics representing a sandwich assay, according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 3a and 3b are photographs depicting Streptavidin Alexa Fluor 568® binding to (a) an unpolished biotin modified fiber optic array, and (b) a polished biotin modified fiber optic array, according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, and 4f are photographs depicting experiments according to one embodiment of the present invention in which β-galactosidase hydrolyzes RDG to form resorufin. More specifically, each of these figures depicts a different sample having a different concentration of SβG. The concentrations were: (a) 128 amol, (b) 51 amol, (c) 25 amol, (d) 7.5 amol, and (e) 2.6 amol, and (f) was the control.

FIG. 5 is a chart depicting a log-log plt of the moles of target present in a sample with the resulting percentage of active reaction vessels, according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6a is a microscopic photograph of an entire fiber array and an inset close-up of the bundle, according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6b is an AFM image of a portion of an etched surface, according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 7a, 7b, and 7c depict enclosure of the reaction vessels and evaluation of the seal, according to one embodiment. FIG. 7a is a microscopic photograph of a solution of Ru(bpy)₃Cl₂ enclosed in the array of chambers. FIG. 7b is a microscopic photograph of a small octagonal portion of the bundle photobleached with UV light. FIG. 7c is a microscopic photograph of FIG. 7b taken 60 minutes later.

FIGS. 8a, 8b, and 8c are microscopic photographs depicting detection of the activity of single molecules of β-galactosidase, according to various embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 8a is a microscopic photograph of a background image of a portion of an array. FIG. 8b is a microscopic photograph of an image taken of a portion of a 1:5 enzyme to vessel assay. FIG. 8c is a microscopic photograph of a 1:80 enzyme to vessel assay.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention relates to methods, systems, and devices for enzymatic detection and quantification of a target analyte or target analytes in a sample. More specifically, the present invention relates to enzymatic detection and quantification of target analytes using arrays of micron- to nanoscale-sized reaction vessels containing capture components. According to one embodiment, an array of reaction vessels containing capture components is contacted with a sample containing at least one target analyte. A chromogenic substrate is then added and the resulting chromogenic product of the enzymatic reaction allows for detection of the analyte. Further, according to one embodiment, the percentage of reaction vessels with captured target analytes can be used to calculate the amount of target analyte in the sample using a binary readout method.

More specifically, the present invention provides for an array of micron- to nanoscale-sized reaction vessels specifically functionalized and capable of capturing target molecules that are enzymes or enzyme-labelled. The ability to immobilize the target allows the use of washing steps and indirect assays, as outlined below. In use, single enzyme (or enzyme-labelled) molecules are captured in individual reaction vessels and catalyze the production of a sufficient number of chromogenic product molecules to generate a detectable signal. In accordance with one embodiment relating to samples having low target analyte concentrations, only a portion of the reaction vessels bind a target molecule, thereby enabling a binary readout of target concentration from the array.

Thus, the direct enzymatic amplification in the method and system of the present invention allows for direct amplification of a detectable signal. Further, unlike the prior art methods, the present invention allows for detection of low concentrations of protein.

The quantification method, according to one embodiment, is a novel method for concentration determination based on statistical analysis. The sample enzyme concentration is determined by distributing the enzyme-containing sample and a suitable substrate, into many nanoscale reaction vessels. In this method, the vessels contain either zero or one enzyme molecule. By observing the presence or absence of a fluorescent product resulting from single enzyme molecule catalysis in each reaction vessel, a binary readout method can be used to count enzyme molecules. Finally, the percentage of reaction vessels occupied by enzyme molecules is correlated to the bulk enzyme concentration.

I. Arrays

The present invention provides array compositions comprising at least a first substrate with a surface comprising a plurality of assay locations. By “array” herein is meant a plurality of capture components in an array format. The size of the array will depend on the composition and end use of the array. Arrays containing from about 2 different capture components to many millions can be made, with very large arrays being possible, including very large fiber optic arrays. Generally, the array will comprise from two to as many as a billion or more capture components, depending on the size of the wells and the substrate, as well as the end use of the array, thus very high density, high density, moderate density, low density and very low density arrays may be made. Preferred ranges for very high density arrays are from about 10,000,000 to about 2,000,000,000, with from about 100,000,000 to about 1,000,000,000 being preferred. High density arrays range about 100,000 to about 10,000,000, with from about 1,000,000 to about 5,000,000 being particularly preferred. Moderate density arrays range from about 10,000 to about 50,000 being particularly preferred, and from about 20,000 to about 30,000 being especially preferred. Low density arrays are generally less than 10,000, with from about 1,000 to about 5,000 being preferred. Very low density arrays are less than 1,000, with from about 10 to about 1000 being preferred, and from about 100 to about 500 being particularly preferred. In some embodiments, multiple substrates may be used, either of different or identical compositions. Thus for example, large arrays may comprise a plurality of smaller substrates.

The compositions comprise a substrate. By “substrate”, “array substrate” or “solid support” or other grammatical equivalents herein is meant any material that can be modified to contain discrete individual sites appropriate for the attachment or association of target analytes and is amenable to at least one detection method. As will be appreciated by those in the art, the number of possible substrates are very large, and include, but are not limited to, glass and modified or functionalized glass, plastics (including acrylics, polystyrene and copolymers of styrene and other materials, polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutylene, polyurethanes, Teflon™, etc.), polysaccharides, nylon or nitrocellulose, composite materials, ceramics, and plastic resins, silica or silica-based materials including silicon and modified silicon, carbon, metals, inorganic glasses, plastics, optical fiber bundles, and a variety of other polymers. In general, the substrates allow optical detection and do not appreciably fluoresce.

In one embodiment, the substrate comprises the end of an optical fiber bundle. Alternatively, the substrate does not comprise the ends of an optical fiber bundle. For example, the substrate may be a spotted, printed or photolithographic substrate known in the art; see for example WO 95/25116; WO 95/35505; PCT US98/09163; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,700,637; 5,807,522 and 5,445,934; and U.S. Ser. Nos. 08/851,203 and 09/187,289, and references cited within, all of which are expressly incorporated by reference. One advantage of using the distal end of a optical fiber bundle as a substrate in the present invention is that the individual fibers in contact with each well can be used to carry both excitation and emission light to and from the wells, enabling remote interrogation of the well contents. Further, an array of optical fibers provides the capability for simultaneous excitation of molecules in adjacent vessels, without signal “cross-talk” between fibers. That is, excitation light transmitted in one fiber does not escape to a neighboring fiber.

In one embodiment, the substrate is planar, although as will be appreciated by those in the art, other configurations of substrates may be used as well; for example, three dimensional configurations can be used. Preferred substrates include optical fiber bundles as discussed below, and flat planar substrates such as glass, polystyrene and other plastics and acrylics.

In one embodiment, at least one surface of the substrate is modified to contain discrete, individual sites (also referred to herein as “reaction vessels” and “microwells”) for later association of target analytes. These sites generally comprise physically altered sites, i.e. physical configurations such as wells or small depressions in the substrate that can retain the beads. The microwells may be formed as is generally known in the art using a variety of techniques, including, but not limited to, photolithography, stamping techniques, molding techniques and microetching techniques. As will be appreciated by those in the art, the technique used will depend on the composition and shape of the substrate.

In one embodiment, physical alterations are made in a surface of the substrate to produce the sites. In a preferred embodiment, the substrate is a fiber optic bundle and the surface of the substrate is a terminal end of the fiber bundle. In this embodiment, wells are made in a terminal or distal end of a fiber optic bundle comprising individual fibers. In this embodiment, the cores of the individual fibers are etched, with respect to the cladding, such that small wells or depressions are formed at one end of the fibers. The required depth of the wells will depend on the size of the beads to be added to the wells. In one aspect of the present invention, the physical alterations can be made as taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,023,540, 6,327,410, and 6,858,394, which are each incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

The sites may be a pattern, i.e. a regular design or configuration, or randomly distributed. A preferred embodiment utilizes a regular pattern of sites such that the sites may be addressed in the X-Y coordinate plane. “Pattern” in this sense includes a repeating unit cell, preferably one that allows a high density of beads on the substrate.

In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the reaction vessels have a volume ranging from about 10 attoliters to about 50 picoliters. Alternatively, the reaction vessels range in size from about 1 femtoliter to about 1 picoliter. In a further alternative, the reaction vessels range from about 30 femtoliters to about 60 femtoliters.

In one aspect of the present invention, the array is a fiber optic array. The array, according to one embodiment, can be made as follows. First, the reaction vessels are formed on the distal end of a fiber optic bundle. According to one embodiment, the vessels are created using an etching process, such as, for example, an acid etching process, resulting in reaction vessels of the desired volume. That is, the etching process creates depressions or holes in the core material at the end of the fiber bundle, while the cladding material is not impacted, thus resulting in reaction vessels. Alternatively, both the core material and cladding material are etched, but the cladding material is etched at a slower rate than the core material, thereby resulting in reaction vessels. One advantage of the fiber optic array format is that it circumvents a complicated microfabrication procedure and provides the ability to observe many reaction vessels simultaneously.

II. Capture Components

The microwells of the present invention comprise at least one capture component. A capture component (also referred to as a “capture binding ligand,” “binding ligand,” “capture binding species,” or “capture probe”) is any molecule, compound, or microwell modification that can be used to probe for, attach, bind or otherwise capture a target analyte within a microwell on the substrate, such that the target analyte is immobilized during the assay. Generally, the capture binding ligand or component allows the attachment of a target analyte to the microwell, for the purposes of detection, quantification, or other analysis.

As will be appreciated by those in the art, the composition of the capture component will depend on the composition of the target analyte. Capture components for a wide variety of analytes are known or can be readily found using known techniques. For example, when the analyte is a protein, the capture components or binding ligands include proteins (particularly including antibodies or fragments thereof (FAbs, etc.)) or small molecules. Preferred capture component proteins include peptides. For example, when the analyte is an enzyme, suitable binding ligands include substrates and inhibitors. Antigen-antibody pairs, receptor-ligands, and carbohydrates and their binding partners are also suitable analyte-binding ligand pairs. In addition, when the analyte is a single-stranded nucleic acid, the binding ligand may be a complementary nucleic acid. Similarly, the analyte may be a nucleic acid binding protein and the capture binding ligand is either single-stranded or double stranded nucleic acid; alternatively, the binding ligand may be a nucleic acid-binding protein when the analyte is a single or double-stranded nucleic acid. Alternatively, as is generally described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,270,163, 5,475,096, 5,567,588, 5,595,877, 5,637,459, 5,683,867, 5,705,337, and related patents, hereby incorporated by reference, nucleic acid “aptomers” can be developed for binding to virtually any target analyte. As will be appreciated by those in the art, any two molecules that will associate may be used, either as an analyte or as the capture component. Similarly, there is a wide body of literature relating to the development of capture components based on combinatorial chemistry methods.

Suitable analyte/capture component pairs include, but are not limited to, antibodies/antigens, receptors/ligands, proteins/nucleic acid, enzymes/substrates and/or inhibitors, carbohydrates (including glycoproteins and glycolipids)/lectins, proteins/proteins, proteins/small molecules; and carbohydrates and their binding partners are also suitable analyte-binding ligand pairs. These may be wild-type or derivative sequences. According to one embodiment, the capture components are portions (particularly the extracellular portions) of cell surface receptors that are known to multimerize, such as the growth hormone receptor, glucose transporters (particularly GLUT 4 receptor), transferring receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor, low density lipoprotein receptor, high density lipoprotein receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor, leptin receptor, interleukin receptors including IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-11, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, and IL-17 receptors, human growth hormone receptor, VEGF receptor, PDGF receptor, EPO receptor, TPO receptor, ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor, prolactin receptor, and T-cell receptors.

In a preferred embodiment, the capture component is attached to the microwell or reaction vessel as outlined herein, for example via an “attachment component” (also referred to herein as an “attachment linker”). An “attachment component,” as used herein, is defined as any component, functionalization, or modification of the microwells that results in the attachment of the capture component, and can include bonds and/or linkers. Alternatively, the capture component may utilize a capture extender component. In this embodiment, the capture component or binding ligand comprises a first portion that will bind the target analyte and a second portion that can be used for attachment to the surface.

The method of attachment of the capture binding ligand to the attachment linker will generally be done as is known in the art, and will depend on the composition of the attachment linker and the capture binding ligand. In general, the capture binding ligands are attached to the attachment linker through the use of functional groups on each that can then be used for attachment. According to one embodiment, the functional group is a chemical functionality. That is, the microwell surface is derivatized such that a chemical functionality is bound to the surface. Preferred functional groups for attachment are amino groups, carboxy groups, oxo groups and thiol groups. These functional groups can then be attached, either directly or through the use of a linker, sometimes referred to herein as a “cross-linker.” Linkers are known in the art; for example, homo-or hetero-bifunctional linkers as are well known (see 1994 Pierce Chemical. Company catalog, technical section on cross-linkers, pages 155-200, incorporated herein by reference). Preferred linkers include, but are not limited to, alkyl groups (including substituted alkyl groups and alkyl groups containing heteroatom moieties), with short alkyl groups, esters, amide, amine, epoxy groups and ethylene glycol and derivatives being preferred. Linkers may also be a sulfone group, forming sulfonamide.

According to one embodiment, the functional group is a light-activated functional group. That is, the functional group can be activated by light to attach to the target analyte or to the crosslinker. One example is the PhotoLink™ technology available from SurModics, Inc. in Eden Prairie, Minn.

In one alternative aspect of the invention, the functional group is added without derivatizing the well surface. That is, the functional groups can be added to the surface by adding a molecule having an attached functional group attached, wherein the molecule has a binding affinity for the well surface. The molecule, according to one embodiment is bovine serum albumin. Alternatively, the molecule is any protein capable of binding or sticking to the vessel surface. In a further alternative, the molecule is any molecule capable of binding or sticking to the vessel surface. In one example, the molecule is bovine serum albumin with free amine groups on its surface. The crosslinker can then be added to attach to the amine groups.

According to one exemplary embodiment in which the capture component is a chemical crosslinker, the target analyte is attached using chemical crosslinking in the following manner. First, the reaction vessel surface is derivatized with a functional group such as NH₂. Next, the crosslinker and the target analyte are added to the array such that the crosslinker attaches to the NH₂ and the target analyte attaches to the crosslinker. In an alternative embodiment described in further detail below in which the target analyte is not an enzyme, a label having an enzymatic component can also be attached to the target analyte.

In this way, capture binding ligands comprising proteins, lectins, nucleic acids, small organic molecules, carbohydrates, etc. can be added.

One embodiment utilizes proteinaceous capture components or capture binding ligands. As is known in the art, any number of techniques may be used to attach a proteinaceous capture binding ligand. “Protein” in this context includes proteins, polypeptides, peptides, including, for example, enzymes. A wide variety of techniques are known to add moieties to proteins. One preferred method is outlined in U.S. Pat. No. 5,620,850, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The attachment of proteins to surfaces is known; see also Heller, Acc. Chem. Res. 23:128 (1990), and related work.

An alternative embodiment utilizes nucleic acids as the capture binding ligand, for example for when the target analyte is a nucleic acid or a nucleic acid binding protein, or when the nucleic acid serves as an aptamer for binding a protein, as is well known in the art.

According to one embodiment, each microwell comprises a plurality of capture components. The plurality of capture components, in one aspect of the invention, are distributed on the surface of the well like a “lawn.” Alternatively, the capture components are distributed in any known fashion.

The binding between the capture component and the target analyte, in accordance with one embodiment, is specific and the capture component is part of a binding pair. That is, the capture component is a target specific capture component that specifically binds with or has specificity for the target analyte. More specifically, the capture component binds specifically and directly to the target analyte. By “specifically bind” or “binding specificity” herein is meant that the capture component binds the analyte with specificity sufficient to differentiate between the analyte and other components or contaminants of the test sample. For example, the capture component according to one embodiment is an antibody that binds specifically to some portion of the target analyte. The antibody, according to one embodiment, can be any antibody capable of binding specifically to a target analyte. For example, appropriate antibodies include, but are not limited to, monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies, minibodies, domain antibodies, synthetic antibodies (sometimes referred to as “antibody mimetics”), chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, antibody fusions (sometimes referred to as “antibody conjugates”), and fragments of each, respectively.

However, as will be appreciated by those in the art, it is possible to detect analytes using binding which is not highly specific; for example, the systems may use different capture components such as, for example, an array of different ligands, and detection of any particular analyte is via its “signature” of binding to a panel of binding ligands, similar to the manner in which “electronic noses” work. This finds particular utility in the detection of chemical analytes. The binding should be sufficient to remain bound under the conditions of the assay, including wash steps to remove non-specific binding. In some embodiments, for example in the detection of certain biomolecules, the binding constants of the analyte to the binding ligand will be at least about 10⁴-10⁶ M⁻¹, with at least about 10⁵ to 10⁹ M⁻¹ being preferred and at least about 10⁷-10⁹ M⁻¹ being particularly preferred.

According to one embodiment in which the target analyte is a cell, including, for example, bacterial cells, the capture component is an adhesin receptor molecule. In use, the adhesin receptor molecule binds with a surface protein called an adhesin on the extracellular surface of the target cell, thereby immobilizing or capturing the cell. Alternatively, in embodiments in which the target analyte is another type of cell (a non-bacterial cell), the capture component is an appropriate cell surface receptor that binds the target analyte cell. In a further embodiment in which the target analyte is a cell, the capture component is fibronectin. For example, fibronectin can be used when the target analyte is a nerve cell.

Alternatively, the capture component is a non-specific capture component. That is, the capture component does not bind specifically to a target analyte, but rather binds to a corresponding binding partner associated with or attached to the target analyte. For example, the non-specific capture component according to one embodiment is a chemical cross-linker as described above. According to one embodiment, every peptide molecule in a target sample can attach to the chemical cross-linker. This type of system can be used to identify enzyme target analytes because the analytes are detected by modifying the substrate.

In one example of a non-specific capture component according to one embodiment, the capture component is streptavidin, which binds with high affinity to biotin, and thus binds to any molecule to which biotin has been attached. Alternatively, the capture component is biotin, and streptavidin is attached to or associated with the target analyte such that the target analyte can be captured by the biotin.

According to one embodiment, the capture component is added to the reaction vessels in the following manner. First, the microwells are prepared for attachment of the capture component(s). That is, the microwells are modified or an attachment component is added to the microwells such that the capture component(s) will attach to the microwells. In one embodiment, the microwells are derivatized with a chemical functionality as described above. Next, the capture component is added.

One example of capture component attachment is depicted in FIG. 1, in which reaction vessels of the present invention are functionalized with biotin. As shown in FIG. 1a , the array of the present invention in this example is a fiber optic bundle 10. To attach the capture component 18, the microwells are first modified with an attachment component 16, which in this example is an aminopropyl silane 16 that is bound to both the core 12 and cladding 14 surfaces of the distal end of the fiber bundle 10, as shown in FIG. 1b . The modification with aminopropyl silane is effective in this example because NHS-biotin attaches to an amino-silanized surface 16. However, since the capture component 18 should be present only within the reaction vessels, the external surfaces of the substrate, such as the external surfaces of the cladding 14, should not be silanized. That is, the silanization must be removed from the external cladding surface 14 to avoid biotin attachment. In this example as shown in FIG. 1c , the silanization 16 was removed from the external cladding layer 14 by polishing the amino-silanized fibers for 10 seconds with 0.3 μm lapping film, thereby removing the top amino-silanized cladding layer.

After the attachment component 16 has been added to the microwells, the capture component 18 can be attached. In the example in FIG. 1, the capture component 18 is biotin 18. As shown in FIG. 1d , biotin succinimidyl ester 18 is attached to the amino groups 16 on the well surfaces 12.

III. Target Analytes

As discussed herein, the array of the present invention provides for detection, quantification, and further analysis of target analytes. By “target analyte” or “analyte” or grammatical equivalents herein is meant any atom, molecule, ion, molecular ion, compound or particle to be either detected or evaluated for binding partners.

According to one embodiment, the target analyte is an enzyme. For example, the enzyme can be an enzyme from any of the six enzyme classifications: oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases. Thus, appropriate enzymes include, but are not limited to, polymerases, cathepsins, calpains, amino-transferases such as, for example, AST and ALT, proteases such as, for example, caspases, nucleotide cyclases, transferases, lipases, enzymes associated with heart attacks, and the like. When the system of the present invention is used to detect viral or bacterial targets, appropriate enzymes include viral or bacterial polymerases and other such enzymes, including viral or bacterial proteases.

Alternatively, the target analyte has an enzymatic component. For example, the target analyte can be a cell having an enzyme or enzymatic component present on its extracellular surface. Alternatively, the target analyte is a cell having no enzymatic component. Such a cell is typically identified using an indirect assaying method described below such as a “sandwich” assay.

In accordance with another embodiment, the target analyte is not an enzyme. As will be appreciated by those in the art, a large number of analytes may be used in the present invention; basically, any target analyte can be used which binds a capture component and/or a secondary binding ligand. As will be explained in further detail below, these target analytes are typically identified using an indirect assay such as a “sandwich” assay. As mentioned above, one suitable target analyte is a cell. In addition, suitable analytes include organic and inorganic molecules, including biomolecules. In a preferred embodiment, the target analyte is a protein. As will be appreciated by those in the art, there are a large number of possible proteinaceous target analytes that may be detected or evaluated for binding partners using the present invention. In addition to enzymes as discussed above, suitable protein target analytes include, but are not limited to, (1) immunoglobulins; (2) hormones and cytokines (many of which serve as ligands for cellular receptors); and (3) other proteins.

According to one embodiment in which the target analyte is not an enzyme and a sandwich assay is performed as described in further detail below, the enzymatic label as described in further detail below can be beta galactosidase. Alternatively, the enzyme label can be, but is not limited to, alkaline phosphatase or horseradish peroxidase.

Further suitable target analytes include, but are not limited to, an environmental pollutant (including pesticides, insecticides, toxins, etc.); a chemical (including solvents, polymers, organic materials, etc.); therapeutic molecules (including therapeutic and abused drugs, antibiotics, etc.); biomolecules (including hormones, cytokines, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, cellular membrane antigens and receptors (neural, hormonal, nutrient, and cell surface receptors) or their ligands, etc.); whole cells (including procaryotic (such as pathogenic bacteria) and eukaryotic cells, including mammalian tumor cells); viruses (including retroviruses, herpesviruses, adenoviruses, lentiviruses, etc.); and spores; etc.

IV. Enzymatic Substrate

After the target analyte(s) are captured within the microwell(s) (and after a washing step, according to certain embodiments), a reaction component is added to the array. By “reaction component,” as used herein, is meant a molecule that affects an enzymatic reaction when contacted with an enzyme or enzymatic molecule. By “affects” a reaction is meant to include, but is not limited to, inducing, activating, or altering (for example, slowing down or speeding up) a reaction, or inhibiting a reaction. According to one embodiment, the reaction component is a chromogenic enzymatic substrate. A “chromogenic enzymatic substrate” as used herein is any molecule that is converted by an enzyme into a chromogenic product as a result of an enzymatic reaction. “Chromogenic” means relating to color or pigment in the optical (visible light) spectrum and includes fluorogenic.

It is understood in the art that chromogenic substrates are known or can be made for enzymes in any of the six enzyme classifications. Thus, any known chromogenic substrate capable of producing a chromogenic product in a reaction with a particular enzyme can be used in the present invention, including any of the chromogenic enzyme substrates disclosed in The Handbook—A Guide to Fluorescent Probes and Labeling Technologies, Tenth Ed., Chapter 10, http://probes.invitrogen.com/handbook/sections/1000.html, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

According to one embodiment in which the assay of the present invention is a sandwich assay as described further herein in which the enzyme label is beta galactosidase, the substrate added to the array is a beta galactosidase substrate such as resorufin-β-D-galactopyranoside.

V. Assay Methods

The array of the present invention can be used for several different assay methods. More specifically, the present invention provides for both (a) target analyte detection and (b) quantification of target analyte concentration in a sample.

Generally, the system or array of the present invention is exposed to an analyte of interest (or contacted with a sample containing an analyte of interest) and the analyte is immobilized by a capture component in a microwell, under conditions suitable for immobilization of the target analyte to at least one of the capture components, i.e. generally physiological conditions. For purposes of the present application, the term “immobilized” means attached, bound, or affixed to a capture component in a microwell. Thus, the interaction between any analyte molecule and the capture component in a microwell results in immobilization of the analyte molecule within that microwell.

According to one aspect of the invention, the sample of interest is placed in contact with the array of the present invention (or the array is incubated in the sample) for a period of from about 45 minutes to about 75 minutes. Alternatively, the array and sample are contacted for a period of from about 50 minutes to about 70 minutes. In a further alternative, the incubation period is about 1 hour.

According to one embodiment, a wash step is performed after contacting the array with the sample. The wash step is intended to wash away any target analytes or non-target molecules that are not bound to a capture component. Alternatively, no wash step is needed.

In one aspect of the invention, a secondary binding ligand is then added to the array. Generally, the secondary binding ligand is added if the assay is an indirect assay such as a “sandwich assay” (when the target analyte is not an enzyme), as described in further detail herein. The secondary binding ligand, as discussed above, will associate with or bind to the bound target analyte and comprises an enzymatic component. The secondary binding ligand is added in an amount sufficient to ensure that a ligand comes into contact with every bound target analyte in the array. Alternatively, no secondary binding ligand is added, such as, for example, when the target analyte is going to be detected directly.

A chromogenic enzymatic substrate as described above is then introduced or added to the array. The chromogenic enzymatic substrate is provided in an amount sufficient to contact any captured target analyte. The chosen substrate reacts with or is modified by the enzymatic component such that the reaction produces a chromogenic product and thus an optical signal. The presence of the chromogenic product in the array can provide information about the identity and/or concentration of an analyte based on the interaction of the analyte with the capture component and the enzymatic substrate (and the secondary binding ligand, in some cases).

In one embodiment of the present invention, the microwells are sealed after the enzymatic substrate is added. That is, a sealing component is placed in contact with the face of the substrate, thereby fluidly isolating each microwell and sealing its contents therein. A “sealing component,” as used herein, is defined as any material or device large enough to cover the entire surface of the array substrate and capable of contacting the array substrate surface such that each reaction vessel is sealed or isolated such that the contents of each vessel cannot escape the vessel. According to one embodiment, the sealing component is a silicone elastomer gasket that is placed against the substrate surface with a uniform pressure across the entire substrate. By sealing the contents in each microwell, the enzymatic reaction can proceed within the microwell, thereby producing a detectable amount of the chromogenic product that is retained in the microwell for detection purposes. That is, the enzyme converts the substrate into a chromogenic product that builds up to a locally high concentration in each sealed vessel, generating a detectable chromogenic signal.

According to one embodiment, the present invention provides for a microscope system equipped with a mechanical platform that applies the sealing component. The platform is positioned beneath the microscope stage on the microscopy system. After the assay contents have been added to each well, the sealing component is sandwiched between a flat surface (such as, for example, a microscope slide) and the array substrate using uniform pressure applied by the mechanical platform.

The assays may be run under a variety of experimental conditions, as will be appreciated by those in the art. A variety of other reagents may be included in the screening assays. These include reagents like salts, neutral proteins, e.g. albumin, detergents, etc. which may be used to facilitate optimal protein-protein binding and/or reduce non-specific or background interactions. Also, reagents that otherwise improve the efficiency of the assay, such as protease inhibitors, nuclease inhibitors, anti-microbial agents, etc., may be used. The mixture of components may be added in any order that provides for the requisite binding. Various blocking and washing steps may be utilized as is known in the art.

The microwells exhibiting activity or changes in their optical signature may be identified by a conventional optical train and optical detection system. Depending on the particular chromogenic enzymatic substrates used and the operative wavelengths of their chromogenic products, optical filters designed for a particular wavelengths may be employed for optical interrogation of the microwells. In a preferred embodiment, the system or array of the present invention is used in conjunction with an optical fiber bundle or fiber optic array as a substrate.

According to one embodiment, the array of the present invention can be used in conjunction with an optical detection system such as the system described in U.S. application Ser. No. 09/816,651, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. For example, according to one embodiment, the array of the present invention is the distal end of a fiber optic assembly comprising a fiber optic bundle constructed of clad fibers so that light does not mix between fibers. As depicted in the Ser. No. 09/816,651 Application, the proximal end of the bundle is received by a z-translation stage and x-y micropositioner.

The optical detection system of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/816,651 operates as follows. Light returning from the distal end of the bundle is passed by the attachment to a magnification changer which enables adjustment of the image size of the fiber's proximal or distal end. Light passing through the magnification changer is then shuttered and filtered by a second wheel. The light is then imaged on a charge coupled device (CCD) camera. A computer executes imaging processing software to process the information from the CCD camera and also possibly control the first and second shutter and filter wheels.

The array or system of the present invention may be attached to the distal end of the optical fiber bundle using a variety of compatible processes. Wells are formed at the center of each optical fiber of the bundle. Thus, each optical fiber of the bundle conveys light from the single microwell formed at the center of the fiber's distal end. This feature is necessary to enable the interrogation of the optical signature of individual microwells to identify reactions in each microwell. Consequently, by imaging the end of the bundle onto the CCD array, the optical signatures of the microwells are individually interrogatable.

A. Detection

In one aspect of the present invention, the present array can be used to detect the presence of a target analyte in a sample. More specifically, the invention provides a method for detecting the product of the enzymatic reaction as an indication of the presence of the target analyte.

The method of detection can proceed either directly or indirectly. If the target analyte is an enzyme, the analyte can be identified by a direct method of detection. Alternatively, if the target analyte is not an enzyme and thus cannot produce a chromogenic product in the presence of a chromogenic enzymatic substrate, the analyte is identified by an indirect method of detection.

The direct method of detection, which involves a target analyte that is an enzyme, proceeds as follows. First, the sample of interest and the array are placed in contact as described in further detail above under suitable conditions. Subsequently, the chromogenic enzymatic substrate is added.

The presence or absence of the target analyte in any given microwell is then detected by optical interrogation. That is, any change in the optical signal caused by production of a chromogenic product is detected. In any microwell containing the target analyte, the analyte modifies or acts upon the substrate in some way, thereby resulting in the release of a chromogenic product, resulting in a change in the optical signal from the microwell. The chromogenic reaction product is then optically detected.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the microwells are sealed after the enzymatic substrate is added, as described above.

The indirect methods of detection involve a target analyte that does not have enzymatic properties. Two indirect methods that can be used with the present invention are the “sandwich” assay and the “competitive” assay.

A sandwich assay can be performed as depicted in FIG. 2. First, the sample of interest and the array 10 are placed in contact as shown in FIG. 2a and as described in further detail above. Under suitable conditions, target analyte 12 present in the sample is captured by the capture components 16 in the microwells 14, as shown in FIG. 2b . According to one embodiment, a wash step is then performed.

Next, a solution binding ligand 18 (also referred to herein as a “secondary binding ligand”) is added to the array 10, as shown in FIG. 2c . Solution binding ligands 18 are similar to capture components 16 in that they bind to target analytes 12. The solution binding ligand 18 may be the same or different from the capture binding ligand 16. The binding of the solution binding ligand 18 to a captured target analyte 12 forms a “sandwich” of sorts. In the absence of the target analyte, the solution binding ligand 18 is washed away.

A solution binding ligand 18 has two components—a binding component 22 and an enzymatic label 24. The binding component 22 is the portion of the solution binding ligand 18 that binds to the target analyte 12. Typically, the solution binding ligand 18 binds to a different portion of the target analyte 12 than the capture component 16, because if both the capture component 16 and solution binding ligand 18 were to bind to the same portion, the solution binding ligand 18 would not be capable of binding to a captured target analyte 12. Thus, the chosen secondary binding ligand 18 can bind to the target analyte 12 while the target analyte 12 is bound to a microwell 14 via a capture component 16.

The enzymatic label 24 is the portion of the solution binding ligand 18 that exhibits enzymatic activity. According to one embodiment, the enzymatic label 24 is an enzyme attached to the solution binding ligand 18.

Subsequently, the chromogenic enzymatic substrate is added.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the microwells are sealed after the enzymatic substrate is added, as described above.

The presence or absence of the target analyte in any given microwell is then detected by optical interrogation. That is, any change in the optical signal caused by production of a chromogenic product is detected. In any microwell containing the target analyte and the secondary binding ligand, the enzyme associated with the secondary binding ligand modifies or acts upon the substrate in some way, thereby producing a chromogenic product, resulting in a change in the optical signal from the microwell. The product is then optically detected.

The competitive assay operates as follows. First, a labelled molecule is added to the array of the present invention, wherein the label is a enzyme or enzymatic component. In this embodiment, the chosen labelled molecule binds with the capture component such that the addition of the labelled molecule to the array results in labelled molecules being bound to capture components in the microwells.

Next, the sample of interest and the array are placed in contact as described in further detail above. The presence of the target analyte in the array causes the displacement of the labelled molecule and binding of the analyte to the capture components. The displacement occurs for the following reason: in this embodiment, the chosen capture component is capable of binding to either of the labelled molecule or the target analyte, thus resulting in a competitive binding situation. As a result, if a labelled molecule is bound to a capture component in a microwell and a target analyte is added, the target analyte will displace the labelled molecule under suitable conditions.

According to one embodiment, a wash step is then performed to remove any non-bound labelled molecules from the array.

Subsequently, the chromogenic enzymatic substrate is added. And as discussed above, according to one aspect of the invention, the microwells are sealed after the enzymatic substrate is added. Alternatively, the microwells are not sealed.

The presence or absence of the target analyte in any given microwell is then detected by optical interrogation. But unlike the optical interrogations that are described above, in this interrogation it is the lack of a chromogenic product that indicates the presence of the target analyte in the microwell. In any microwell containing the target analyte, no enzymatic action occurs and no change occurs in the optical signal from the microwell. In contrast, in any microwell in which the labelled molecule is still present, an optical signal is detected.

In an alternative version of the competitive assay embodiment, both the labelled molecule and sample of interest are added to the array at the same time in fixed volumes. In this version, the target analyte and labelled molecule compete directly for the binding sites on the capture components.

1. Subpopulations of Identical Capture Components to Same Target Analyte

In accordance with one detection embodiment, sensor redundancy is used. In this embodiment, a plurality of reaction vessels comprising identical capture components referred to as “subpopulations” are used. That is, each subpopulation comprises a plurality of identical capture components present in microwells of the array. Further, according to one embodiment, each subpopulation comprises a plurality of microwells comprising identical capture components. By using a number of identical capture components for a given array, the optical signal from each microwell can be combined for the subpopulation and any number of statistical analyses run, as outlined below. This can be done for a variety of reasons. For example, in time varying measurements, redundancy can significantly reduce the noise in the system. For non-time based measurements, redundancy can significantly increase the confidence of the data.

The number of subpopulations, according to one embodiment, can range from 2 to any number of subpopulations possible given the limitations of any known array and the number of different capture components. Alternatively, the number can range from about 2 to about 10. In a further alternative, the number can range from about 2 to about 5.

In one embodiment, a plurality of identical capture components are used. As will be appreciated by those in the art, the number of identical capture components in a subpopulation will vary with the application and use of the sensor array. In general, anywhere from 2 to thousands of identical capture components may be used in a given subpopulation, with from 2 to 100 being preferred, 2 to 50 being particularly preferred and from 5 to 20 being especially preferred. In general, preliminary results indicate that roughly 10 identical capture components in a subpopulation gives a sufficient advantage, although for some applications, more identical capture components can be used.

Once obtained, the optical response signals from a plurality of microwells within each subpopulation (that is, having the same capture component) can be manipulated and analyzed in a wide variety of ways, including baseline adjustment, averaging, standard deviation analysis, distribution and cluster analysis, confidence interval analysis, mean testing, etc.

2. Multiple Different Capture Components to Same Target Analyte

In addition to the sensor redundancy, the array of the present invention according to one embodiment utilizes a plurality of capture components that are directed to a single target analyte but are not identical. This embodiment provides for more than one different capture component in each microwell or different capture components in different microwells. In one example, a single target analyte may be provided to which two or more capture components are capable of binding. This adds a level of confidence as non-specific binding interactions can be statistically minimized. In this embodiment, when proteinaceous target analytes are to be evaluated, preferred embodiments utilize capture components that bind to different parts of the target. For example, when two or more antibodies (or antibody fragments) to different portions of the same target protein are used as capture components, preferred embodiments utilize antibodies to different epitopes. Similarly, when nucleic acid target analytes are to be evaluated, the redundant nucleic acid probes may be overlapping, adjacent, or spatially separated. However, it is preferred that two probes do not compete for a single binding site, so adjacent or separated probes are preferred.

In this embodiment, a plurality of different capture components may be used, with from about 2 to about 20 being preferred, and from about 2 to about 10 being especially preferred, and from 2 to about 5 being particularly preferred, including 2, 3, 4 or 5. However, as above, more may also be used, depending on the application.

3. Multiple Different Capture Components to Multiple Target Analytes

According to another embodiment, the array of the present invention utilizes a plurality of different capture components that are directed to a plurality of target analytes. This embodiment includes more than one different capture component in each microwell or different capture components in different microwells. In one example, two or more target analytes may be provided to which two or more capture components in the same microwells or different microwells are capable of binding.

In this embodiment, more than one target analyte can be identified. For example, two or more target analytes can be identified so long as each different analyte is a different enzyme or has a different enzymatic component such as a enzymatic surface molecule. In one embodiment, the target analytes are identified using multiple enzymatic substrates wherein each substrate produces a different color upon interaction with the appropriate enzyme. Thus, each target analyte can be distinguished based on the color produced by reaction with the substrate. In an alternative embodiment, the target analytes are identified using multiple substrates that each produce the same color. Thus, each target analyte can be distinguished by added the substrates sequentially.

In this embodiment, a plurality of different capture components may be used, with from about 2 to about 20 being preferred, and from about 2 to about 10 being especially preferred, and from 2 to about 5 being particularly preferred, including 2, 3, 4 or 5. However, as above, more may also be used, depending on the application.

Please note that each of the different assay configurations above, including the capture component subpopulations directed to different target analytes and the plurality of capture components directed to the same analyte, can also be utilized for quantification as described below.

B. Quantification

According to one embodiment of the present invention, the present array cannot only be used for detection of a target analyte in a sample, but also for quantification of the analyte in the sample. That is, there is a correlation between the percentage of reaction vessels containing target analytes and the concentration of the analyte in the sample. Thus, the quantification method of the present invention allows for calculation of the amount of a target analyte in a sample based on the percentage of microwells that captured a target analyte.

Without being limited by theory, the quantification method is driven in part by the fact that the number and volume of reaction vessels employed govern the dynamic range of concentrations that can be determined by this technique. That is, based on the number and volume of the reaction vessels in an array of the present invention, an estimate can be made of the range of concentrations of target analyte in solution that allow for the concentration to be determined using the method of the present invention.

For example, for an array as disclosed in Example 2 with reaction vessels each having a volume of 46 fL, a solution having a concentration of 3.6×10⁻¹¹ M β-galactosidase will yield, on average, one enzyme molecule per vessel. However, it is important to note that distributing a solution having a target analyte concentration within the appropriate range into an array of reaction vessels will not result in the distribution of exactly one enzyme molecule per vessel; statistically, some vessels will have multiple molecules while others will have zero. In the case where the number of enzyme molecules per vessel is high, the data can be fit to a Gaussian distribution. As the ratio of enzyme molecules to reaction vessels approaches zero, the Poisson distribution applies. This limiting distribution is used to calculate the probability of rare events occurring in a large number of trials. For example, based on Poisson statistics, for a concentration of 3.6×10⁻¹¹ M, a distribution between zero and five enzyme molecules per container is observed, with the most probable values being zero and one.

Equation 1 can be used to determine the probability of observing v events based on the expected average number of events per trial, μ. P _(μ)(v)=e ^(μ)(μ^(v) /v!)  Equation 1:

If the concentrations used are much less than 3.6×10⁻¹¹ M, the expected average becomes exceptionally low, the distribution is narrowed, and the probability of observing anything other than 0 or 1 events per trial is improbable in all experimental cases. At these low concentrations, the relationship between the percentage of active reaction vessels and the bulk enzyme concentration is approximately linear. Thus, based on this knowledge, the array of the present invention can be used to determine the concentration of a target analyte in a sample by a simple digital readout system as described herein.

According to one embodiment, the quantification method of the present invention can be performed as follows. The method is a digital readout system (also referred to as a “binary readout system”) that includes first detecting the target analytes in the array of microwells by any detection method described above. The number of reaction vessels is then counted and a percentage of the total number of reaction vessels is calculated. That is, utilization of a yes or no response, in conjunction with the high-density array of reaction vessels, permits the digital readout of bulk concentrations of β-galactosidase. This readout is accomplished by counting the vessels containing an active enzyme molecule across the array, with the resulting “active well” percentage correlating to the enzyme concentration. Given the large number of vessels simultaneously interrogated in the array of the present invention, the ratio of enzyme molecules to reaction vessels could be as low as 1:500, as the large number of wells provides a statistically significant signal even at this low ratio.

Without being limited by theory, it is believed that the quantification method of the present invention is only limited by the number of individual reaction vessels that can be viewed with an acceptable resolution. Thus, expanding the number of vessels that are interrogated by using higher density CCD chips will decrease the limit of detection as the lower limit is defined by the statistics of the small number of active wells that light up at the lower target concentrations. On the other hand, the upper limit of the dynamic range is controlled by the well-to-well deviation from a binary readout. As target concentrations are increased, the binary readout is lost, as a Gaussian distribution becomes a better approximation of target molecule binding. Higher concentrations of target lead to a broad distribution in the number of enzyme molecules that can occupy each well, and consequently, the transition to a non-linear increase in the percentage of active wells.

The limitations of this technique are realized above and below the thresholds of the dynamic range. As the concentration goes below the lower limit of the dynamic range, the number of enzyme molecules is too low to observe sufficient occupied wells and, therefore, the number of wells must be increased in order to make sure that a statistically significant number of them are occupied by enzyme molecules. Results for extremely dilute concentrations have large relative errors associated with them, due to the very small number of reaction vessels that are expected to show activity. Slight deviation from the expected Poisson value, in this case, will result in a large error. The ultimate upper limit to this technique occurs when 100% of the reaction vessels contain at least one enzyme molecule. At this limit, discrimination between two solutions of high enzyme concentrations is not feasible. As the percentage of active vessels approaches 100%, the linearity between concentration and active vessel percentage is lost. This situation results in a broadening distribution, as a normal distribution becomes an increasingly better approximation of the results.

In one aspect of the present invention, the array can also be used to analyze enzyme kinetics. “Enzyme kinetics” as used herein refers to the study of the rates of enzyme-controlled reactions. It is understood in the art of enzyme kinetics that the rate of an enzymatic reaction at low substrate concentrations is proportional to the substrate concentration (is “substrate dependent”). This is referred to as first order. It is further understood that the rate of the reaction at high substrate concentrations reaches a maximum rate and is independent of substrate concentration because the reaction becomes saturated. Thus, if reaction velocity is plotted as a function of substrate concentration, the line initially increases linearly with an increase in substrate and then begins to level off as substrate concentration approaches saturation.

Thus, according to one embodiment, the kinetics of any particular enzyme can be studied using the present system and array. Reaction velocity varies across enzymes for various reasons, including, for example, reaction inhibition caused by allosteric inhibition. The array of the present invention allows for study of these varied kinetic characteristics.

According to one embodiment, kinetics are examined in the following fashion. The target analyte is allowed to bind to the capture component, the substrate is added, and the reaction vessel is sealed. Given that a finite amount of substrate is present in the reaction vessel and that no further substrate can be added due to the sealing of the vessel, the reaction velocity can be determined based on the amount of chromogenic product detected over time.

VI. Exemplary Uses of the Present Invention

The system and array of the present invention has many uses. For example, the array has application to fundamental enzymology studies, as well as digital concentration measurements. Further, the array permits studies with multiple different enzymes and extends the limits of ultra-low detection for protein and DNA targets. With the ability to simultaneously monitor a large array of reaction vessels, single molecule enzymology can be used to resolve individual enzyme molecule behavior from bulk kinetic signal.

Another use, for example, is environmental monitoring of bacteria or viruses or both. An environmental sample potentially containing certain bacteria can be placed in contact with an array of the present invention. To detect the bacteria, the bacteria cells are lysed and a bacterial enzyme (or more than one enzyme) is targeted for detection. According to one embodiment, the cells are lysed prior to being added to the array. Alternatively, the cells are captured and a lysing step occurs on the array prior to detection. In a further alternative, no lysis may be necessary if a cell surface marker is targeted. For example, the bacteria or virus of interest can be captured with an antibody that is specific to a surface marker on the target, and then the capture can be detected with a sandwich-type assay by adding an enzyme-labelled antibody that binds to the target in another location.

Please note that all references disclosed herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Although the present invention has been described herein with reference to preferred embodiments, persons skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1

In this example, a proof-of-concept binding assay is performed using enzymatic signal amplification in an array of femtoliter sized reaction vessels. More specifically, various assays are performed to detect varying amounts of streptavidin-β-galactosidase (SβG) in solution using a biotinylated array of the present invention and then the correlation between the number of wells with captured SβG molecules and the concentration of the SβG in the sample is examined.

In this example, an etched fiber optic array is used to create a collection of femtoliter sized reaction vessels, each specifically functionalized and capable of capturing enzyme-labeled target molecules. Single enzyme molecules are confined to individual reaction vessels and catalyze the production of a sufficient number of fluorescent product molecules to generate a positive signal. At low target molecule concentrations, only a percentage of the capture sites bind a target molecule, enabling a binary readout of target concentration from the high-density array.

Materials

The reactor vessel arrays in this example are generated using an acid etch of the distal face of a polished 1 mm fiber optic array, consisting of 24,000 individual 4.5 μm optical fibers. The core fiber material is silica, and the cladding around each fiber is germania-doped silica, which etches at a slower rate. The 4.5 μm fibers are etched to a depth of 2.9 μm, creating an array of reactor vessels, each with a 46 fL volume (see FIG. 1a ).

The fibers were first modified with an aminopropyl silane bound to both the core and cladding surfaces (see FIG. 1b ). To avoid biotin attachment to the cladding, the amino-silanized fibers were polished for 10 seconds with 0.3 μm lapping film, which removed the top amino-silanized cladding layer from the fiber array (see FIG. 1c ). After polishing, NHS-biotin was attached to the amino groups on the well surfaces (see FIG. 1d ).

Methods

First, the effectiveness of the capture component was tested. To test the effectiveness of the biotinylation of the substrate, streptavidin Alexa Fluor 568® was attached directly to the biotin groups on the surfaces of both a polished and an unpolished fiber, followed by image acquisition of the modified surface (see FIG. 3). FIG. 3 shows Streptavidin Alexa Fluor 568® binding to (a) an unpolished biotin modified fiber optic array, and (b) a polished biotin modified fiber optic array. As seen in image (a), streptavidin binding occurred on all surfaces, in comparison to image (b), where binding occurred only on the surfaces of the microwell reactors. Thus, the unpolished fiber shows dye over the entire array including the cladding surface, while the polished fiber shows dye localized only on the well surfaces.

Subsequent to array modification, the biotinylated fiber arrays were incubated for 1 hour at room temperature in 150 μL PBS buffer containing varying amounts of SβG. The concentration of the SβG was chosen so that during the incubation time, statistically either one molecule or no molecules would bind to each well. The arrays were then washed repeatedly in PBS buffer, to ensure that unbound target was removed.

For a binary readout of SβG binding, the fiber array was loaded and secured on an upright microscope system equipped with a mechanical platform. A solution of β-galactosidase substrate, resorufin-β-D-galactopyranoside (RDG), was introduced to the distal end of the fiber containing the reaction vessels, and subsequently sealed. The substrate was sealed using a 0.01-inch thick silicone elastomer gasket sandwiched between a microscope slide and the fiber array by means of a mechanical platform located beneath the microscope stage. This platform applied a uniform pressure to the gasket material, across the entire bundle, sealing off each reaction chamber and enabling well to well interrogation of enzyme activity. β-galactosidase hydrolyzes RDG to form resorufin, which builds up to a locally high concentration in each sealed reaction vessel, generating a detectable fluorescent signal (FIG. 4).

FIG. 4 depicts a portion of the fiber array for each experiment. Each of the experiments tested a different sample having a different concentration of SβG. The concentrations for each experiment were as follows: (a) 128 amol, (b) 51 amol, (c) 25 amol, (d) 7.5 amol, and (e) 2.6 amol. FIG. 4(f) depicts the control.

Analysis of over 5000 reaction vessels for each experiment allowed for a correlation between the percentage of reaction vessels that captured an enzyme molecule and the amount of enzyme present in the interrogated sample. The variation seen in the intensity differences from active well to active well is most likely a result of molecule-to-molecule variation in catalytic activity, in combination with surface effects, which may modulate the relative activities of enzyme molecules based on their orientation to the reaction chamber surface.

Two control experiments were also conducted to ensure that the binding of enzyme to the surface of the reactors was based exclusively on the biotin-streptavidin interaction, and not on non-specific binding to the glass surface. One control experiment consisted of an etched, unmodified fiber incubated with the most concentrated SβG target solution (128 amol in 150 μL). The second control experiment was performed using the modified fiber incubated in a solution of β-galactosidase lacking streptavidin (128 amol in 150 μL). Both control experiments generated a negligible active well percentage (less than 0.06%, versus 0.2% for the 2.6 amol experiment discussed below).

Results

FIG. 5 depicts a log-log plot of the moles of target present in a sample with the resulting percentage of active reaction vessels. The linear relationship between the percentage of active reaction vessels and the moles of target in the log-log plot shown in FIG. 5 suggests that a binary readout detection method can be used for the detection of real targets such as DNA and antigens. This method permits rapid analysis and accurate concentration information via digital readout, while maintaining a straightforward assay procedure.

It is also interesting to note that the lowest limit of detection (LOD) for binding streptavidin-β-galactosidase (SβG) to a biotinylated femtoliter array in this example was 2.6 amoles (150 μL of 17 fM solution) using a target incubation time of 1 hour.

Example 2

In this example, single molecules of β-galactosidase were monitored using a 1 mm diameter fiber optic bundle with over 2.0×10⁵ individually sealed, femtoliter microwell reactors. By observing the buildup of fluorescent products from single enzyme molecule catalysis over the array of reaction vessels and by applying a Poisson statistical analysis, a digital concentration readout was obtained.

Materials

1 mm bundled 4.5 μm optical fibers were purchased from Illumina (San Diego, Calif.). β-galactosidase and Ru(bpy)₃Cl₂ was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo.). Resorufin-D-β-galactopyranoside was purchased from Molecular Probes (Eugene, Oreg.). 0.01-inch non-reinforced gloss silicone sheeting material was purchased from Specialty Manufacturing Inc. (Saginaw, Mich.). All other chemicals used were of reagent grade and obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo.).

A custom-built, upright epifluorescence imaging system acquired all fluorescence images using a mercury light source, excitation and emission filter wheels, microscope objectives, and a CCD camera (QE, Sensicam). Filter wheels and shutters were computer controlled and analysis was performed with IPlab software (Scanalytics, Fairfax, Va.). The system was equipped with a fastening device to fix the fiber optic array onto the system through the entire experiment. A mechanical platform beneath the stage was used to house the silicone-sealing layer, which was subsequently brought into contact with the distal end of the fiber array, sealing off each reaction vessel. All measurements were performed with femtowell arrays at the distal end of the optical fiber bundle.

Optical fiber bundles containing approximately 2.4×10⁵ individual 4.5 μm diameter optical fibers were used as the substrate for fabricating femtoliter reaction vessel arrays. The well volume can be precisely controlled, as etch depth varies with etch time and etchant concentration. The optical fibers used in these experiments were etched to a depth of approximately 2.9 μm, yielding a 46 fL well volume. FIG. 6 depicts images of the etched surface of the fiber optic bundles. More specifically, FIG. 6a depicts the entire fiber array and close-up microscope images of the fiber bundle, emphasizing the regularity of both the array and each individual optical fiber. Further, FIG. 6b is an AFM image of a portion of the etched surface, showing wells created from the etching process.

Methods

Assay. For the β-galactosidase assay, the substrate used was resorufin-β-D-galactopyranoside. After the individual wells in the array were sealed in the presence of enzyme and substrate, the fluorescence intensity was monitored across the array of vessels for the enzymatic product, resorufin (ex 558 nm/em 573 nm). A 100 μM solution of resorufin-D-β-galactopyranoside (RDG) was prepared in 100 mM Tris buffer pH 8.0 containing 2.0 mM KCl and 0.1 mM MgCl₂. All enzyme solutions were prepared from previously aliquoted and frozen stock samples in the same reaction buffer. Just prior to experimentation, the two samples were centrifuged for 2 min at 7000 RPM to remove any particulate material that could interfere with the mechanics of the silicone seal. Approximately 1 cm² of silicone and a microscope slide were cleaned with absolute ethanol. The silicone sheeting was placed on the surface of the glass, to which it adhered. Subsequently, 75 μL volumes of enzyme and RDG solutions were mixed on the silicone gasket using a pipette. The gasket was mechanically raised towards the distal end of the fiber bundle until it experienced resistance, suggesting that a seal was formed. An initial fluorescence image was acquired, followed by periodic image acquisition for approximately 2 hr.

Sealing Component.

To seal the femtoliter array, a 0.01-inch thick silicone elastomer gasket was sandwiched between a microscope slide and the fiber array using a mechanical platform. This platform applied uniform pressure to the gasket material, across the entire bundle, sealing off each microwell to create the reaction vessels.

The silicone/glass seal used to create and isolate the femtoliter containers was inspected for its sealing ability by performing a photobleaching experiment (see FIG. 7). FIG. 7 depicts enclosure of a solution into the microchambers and evaluation of the silicone seal for integrity. FIG. 7a depicts a solution of Ru(bpy)₃Cl₂ enclosed into the array of chambers as observed by the red fluorescence across the array. FIG. 7b depicts a small octagonal portion of the fiber bundle that was photobleached via UV light. FIG. 7c depicts the array 60 minutes later. As shown in the figure, diffusion of Ru(bpy)₃Cl₂ from one well to another as a result of an imperfect silicone seal would display increased fluorescence intensity in photobleached wells and was not observed. This experiment substantiated the integrity of the seal for its ability to successfully isolate the array of vessels. Enzyme molecule denaturation on the glass surface was prevented by blocking with a BSA blocking buffer. Enzyme to vessel ratios used ranged from 1:5, down to 1:500, achieving accurate detection over two orders of magnitude.

Photobleaching Experiment.

A solution of 1 mM Ru(bpy)₃Cl₂ in DI water was used for the photobleaching experiments. A piece of silicone, approximately 1 cm², and a microscope slide were cleaned with absolute ethanol using lint-free swabs. The silicone sheeting was placed on the surface of the glass, to which it adhered. 50 μL of the Ru(bpy)₃Cl₂ solution was placed on the silicone, and subsequently brought into contact with the fiber bundle, to enclose the solution in the individual vessels. Using a field stop on the imaging system, UV light was used to illuminate a small portion of the array for 10 minutes, photobleaching the Ru(bpy)₃Cl₂. The field stop was then opened, and an image was acquired, displaying the difference in fluorescence. The array was then allowed to rest with the seal maintained. A final image was taken after 60 minutes, confirming the integrity of the seal.

As discussed above, the number and volume of reaction vessels employed govern the dynamic range of concentrations that can be determined by this technique. The reaction vessel volumes employed in this example were 46 fL (vide infra); therefore, it was calculated that a solution of 3.6×10⁻¹¹ M β-galactosidase will yield, on average, one enzyme molecule per vessel. As also discussed above, if the concentrations used are much less than 3.6×10⁻¹¹ M, the expected average becomes exceptionally low, the distribution is narrowed, and the probability of observing anything other than 0 or 1 events per trial is improbable in all experimental cases. At these low concentrations, the relationship between the percentage of active reaction vessels and the bulk enzyme concentration is approximately linear. After waiting for sufficient time to allow enzyme catalysis to occur, individual vessels were interrogated for an on/off response, correlating to each vessel either possessing or lacking enzymatic activity.

The substrate resorufin-D-β-galactopyranoside (RDG) was used as the substrate for experiments, which was sealed into all the vessels, along with the trapped enzyme molecules, using a silicone gasket material and mechanical arm. The expected percentages of active wells were calculated for each concentration used by applying the Poisson distribution statistics.

Results

As shown in FIG. 8, for the β-galactosidase assay, different bulk solution enzyme concentrations correspond to different ratios of enzyme to vessel volume, resulting in variation in the percentage of vessels that contain an enzyme molecule. FIG. 8 depicts the detection of the activity of single molecules of β-galactosidase. FIG. 8a is a background image of a portion of the array, while FIG. 8b depicts an image taken of a portion of a 1:5 enzyme to vessel assay, and FIG. 8c shows a 1:80 enzyme to vessel assay.

Table 1 is a comparison of each experimental result with the percentage of occupied vessels calculated from the Poisson distribution. As shown by the data in the table, the array measurements successfully correlated with the number of single enzyme β-galactosidase molecules over the entire range of interrogated concentrations. There is minor disparity in the observed signals as a result of molecule-to-molecule variation in catalytic activity. This result is most likely due to the inherent stochastic nature of enzymes, in addition to surface effects, resulting in modulation of enzyme activity.

Digital Readout of Enzyme Concentrations

TABLE 1 Digital readout from the arrays. The actual percentage of chambers exhibiting activity, in comparison to the expected percentage calculated from the Poisson distribution, are listed for the various concentrations analyzed. Enzyme to well Poisson % of active Actual % ratio Concentration wells active 1:5  7.20E−12 18.2 14.9 1:10 3.60E−12 9.5 11.5 1:20 1.80E−12 4.9 5.6 1:40 9.00E−13 2.5 3.5 1:80 4.50E−13 1.2 1.5  1:100 3.60E−13 1.0 1.1  1:200 1.80E−13 0.5 0.3  1:500 7.20E−14 0.2 0.1

The variation between the calculated and experimental results can be attributed to the intrinsic variability associated with the probability distribution, as well as experimental error in the preparation of enzyme solutions.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Each of the following references is incorporated by reference in their entirety.

-   Sano, T.; Smith, C. L.; Cantor, C. R. Science 1992, 258, 120-122. -   Nam, J. M.; Thaxton, C. S.; Mirkin, C. A. Science 2003, 301,     1884-1886. -   Niemeyer, C. M.; Adler, M.; Pignataro, B.; Lenhert, S.; Gao, S.;     Chi, L. F.; Fuchs, H.; Blohm, D. Nucleic Acids Research 1999, 27,     4553-4561. -   Zhou, H.; Fisher, R. J.; Papas, T. S. Nucleic Acids Research 1993,     21, 6038-6039. -   Niemeyer, C. M.; Adler, M.; Wacker, R. Trends in Biotechnology 2005,     23, 208-216. -   Whitesides, G. M. Nature Biotechnology 2003, 21, 1161-1165. -   Rondelez, Y.; Tresset, G.; Tabata, K. V.; Arata, H.; Fujita, H.;     Takeuchi, S.; Noji, H. Nature Biotechnology 2005, 23, 361-365. -   Nakano, M.; Komatsu, J.; Matsuura, S.; Takashima, K.; Katsura, S.;     Mizuno, A. Journal of Biotechnology 2003, 102, 117-124. -   Nagai, H.; Murakami, Y.; Yokoyama, K.; Tamiya, E. Biosensors and     Bioelectronics 2001, 16, 1015-1019. -   Lipman, A. E.; Shuler, B.; Bakajin, O.; Eaton, W. A. Science 2003,     301, 1233-1235. -   Chiu, D. T.; Wilson, C. F.; Ryttsen, F.; Stromberg, A.; Farre, C.;     Karlsson, A.; Nordholm, S.; Gaggar, A.; Modi, B. P.; Moscho, A.;     Garza-Lopez, R. A.; Orwar, O.; Zare, R. N. Science 1999, 283,     1892-1895. -   Rissin, D. M.; Walt, D. R. Journal of the American Chemical Society     submitted. -   Pantano, P.; Walt, D. R. Chemistry of Materials 1996, 8, 2832-2835. -   Monk, D. J.; Ueberfeld, J.; Walt, D. R. Journal of Materials     Chemistry 2005, 15, 4361-4366. -   Song, L. N.; Ahn, S.; Walt, D. R. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2005,     11, 1629-1632. -   Lee, J. Y.; Li, H. W.; Yeung, E. S. Journal of Chromatography A     2004, 1053, 173-179. -   Xue, Q. F.; Yeung, E. S. Nature 1995, 373, 681-683. -   Foquet, M.; Korlach, J.; Zipfel, W. R.; Webb, W. W.;     Craighead, H. G. Analytical Chemistry 2004, 76, 1618-1626. -   Gratzl, M.; Lu, H.; Matsimoto, T.; Yi, C.; Bright, G. R. Analytical     Chemistry 1999, 71, 2751-2756. -   Stamou, D.; Duschl, C.; Delamarche, E.; Vogel, H. Angewandte     Chemie-International Edition 2003, 42, 5580-5583. -   Gosalia, D. N.; Diamond, S. L. Proceedings of the National Academy     of Sciences USA 2003, 100, 8721-8726. -   Lu, H. P.; Xun, L. Y.; Xie, X. S. Science 1998, 282, 1877-1882. -   Taylor, J. R. An Introduction to Error Analysis; Second Addition     ed.; University Science Books: Sausalito, Calif., 1997. -   Wheeler, A. R.; Throndset, W. R.; Whelan, R. J.; Leach, A. M.;     Zare, R. N.; Liao, Y. H.; Farrell, K.; Manger, I. D.; Daridon, A.     Analytical Chemistry 2003, 75, 3581-3586. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method of measuring the concentration of a target analyte in a sample, comprising: (a) exposing the sample to a plurality of reaction vessels under conditions such that analyte is captured in reaction vessels, each reaction vessel comprising a capture component and having a defined volume between 10 attoliters and 50 picoliters, wherein the analyte is captured in the reaction vessels via immobilization to the capture component, and wherein the ratio of molecules of target analyte to the number of reaction vessels is less than 1:1; and (b) determining the percentage of said reaction vessels that contain a captured target analyte molecule to determine a measure of the target analyte concentration.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising sealing the reaction vessels with a sealing component such that the contents of each reaction vessel are prevented from escaping from said reaction vessel.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the molecules of target analyte are captured prior to sealing the reaction vessels.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the target analyte comprises a first type of target analyte and a second type of target analyte.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said target analyte are selected from the group consisting of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, hormones, cytokines, cellular antigens, receptors, and cells.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein a wall of the reaction vessel defines a binding surface that has the capture component immobilized thereon.
 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising contacting the plurality of reaction vessels with an enzymatic component, and optionally, further contacting the plurality of reaction vessels with an enzymatic substrate.
 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising attaching or otherwise immobilizing nanoparticles with respect to the analyte, optionally wherein the nanoparticles are a gold nanoparticles, or optionally, wherein the nanoparticles are each functionalized with a fluorescent species.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said ratio is (i) less than 1:5; or (ii) between 1:5 and 1:500; or (iii) 1:10.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said defined volume of each site ranges from 30 femtoliters to 60 femtoliters.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein said the plurality of reaction vessels comprises (i) at least about 1000 reaction vessels; or (ii) between 20,000 and 10,000,000 reaction vessels; or (iii) between 20,000 and 30,000 reaction vessels; or (iv) between 100,000 and 10,000,000 reaction vessels; or (v) between 10,000 and 50,000 reaction vessels.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein said determining comprises detecting a change in an optical property at said sites as an indication of the presence of said target analyte molecule. 